![]() |
|
Cybium,
Revue
Internationale dIchtyologie |
|
Trends in cyprinid polyculture Roland BILLARD (1) & Paolo BERNI (2) (1) Muséum
national dHistoire naturelle, Département Peuplements et
Milieux aquatiques, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, FRANCE. Abstract.
- Polyculture is the association of fish species, mostly cyprinids,
feeding at different levels of the aquatic pond ecosystem. It is an efficient
food production system, which typically produces five tonnes of fish/ha/year
without distribution of formulated artificial feeds but with intense organic
fertilisation as well as grass and agricultural by-products. The exact
figures of polyculture production in the world are not known precisely.
A part of the production of cyprinids is due to monoculture of the grass
carp and the common carp, both of which accepting artificial feeds. An
estimate of the trends is given by the production of cyprinids specifically
produced by the polyculture of Chinese carps in China (especially the
silver carp and the bighead) and the major Indian carps on the Indian
subcontinent. The total production of all carp species has increased over
the last decade but the rate of increase has slowed down after 1997 in
China for the silver carp and the bighead. In general, the commercial
value of cyprinids is low, about $1 per kg. To compensate for this low
price the fish farmers are looking for intensification of production and
for species of higher commercial value. In polyculture systems the availability
of natural food is the main limiting factor. It is not possible to increase
the productivity above 10 t/fish/ha/year, as adding more external poor
quality feeds results in degradation of water quality and dysfunction
of the ecosystem. A new form of polyculture in China is to intensify the
production by feeding the fish with good quality manufactured feeds to
avoid degradation of the water quality and to use silver carp and bighead
to control the development of planktonic blooms. There is then a tendency
towards replacement of polyculture by intensive monoculture of cyprinids
and by new and more valuable species (tilapia, sturgeon, American and
African catfish). If polyculture systems were converted to monoculture
or less efficient polyculture (using new species) this would result in
a decrease of the world production of fish in culture and of the global
efficiency of aquaculture. In general, research programmes carried out
to develop polyculture are more focused on the fish (genetics, artificial
feeding, disease) in China and on pond productivity (artificial substrates,
use of periphyton) in India. These technical improvements should increase
the profitability of polyculture and assure its future as an efficient
food production system. |
| Copyright © SFI 2005. Modifiée le : 10.03.2005 13:21 - Contact : Webmaster |