Peuplement
ichtyologique des bancs de Geyser et Zélée (océan Indien
occidental)
Pascale CHABANET
(1), Emmanuel TESSIER (2, 3), Patrick DURVILLE (1, 4), Thierry MULOCHAU
(4) & François RENÉ (2)
(1) Laboratoire
dÉcologie marine, Université de la Réunion, BP 7151,
97715 St-Denis cedex messag9,
LA RÉUNION.
(2) IFREMER, rue Glacière, BP 60, 97822 Le Port cedex,
LA RÉUNION.
(3) CRPEM, 28 rue Gailletin, 97420 Le Port, LA RÉUNION.
(4) Aquarium Réunion, Port de Plaisance, 97434 St-Gilles-Les-Bains,
LA RÉUNION.
Résumé.
- Ce travail, réalisé sur les bancs de Geyser et Zélée
(Nord du canal du Mozambique), constitue la première étude
quantitative sur lichtyofaune de la zone. Il décrit et analyse
les principales caractéristiques de ses peuplements (richesse spécifique,
abondance) ainsi que leur structure trophique. Léchantillonnage
par des relevés visuels en plongée a été effectué
sur 11 stations, à une profondeur moyenne de 18 m. 294 espèces
de poissons, appartenant à 43 familles, ont été recensées
durant létude. La richesse spécifique moyenne est
de 70 espèces par station et labondance moyenne de 612 individus
/ 100 m2. Ces valeurs élevées montrent que des îlots
coralliens isolés et de petite taille peuvent supporter une ichtyofaune
riche en espèces, composée de populations comportant de
nombreux individus. Ces résultats peuvent sexpliquer par différents
facteurs, tels quune circulation océanique favorable à
des enrichissements localisés en sels nutritifs des eaux de surface,
une faible pression anthropique, la bonne couverture en corail, un autorecrutement
important qui pourrait être associé à un recrutement
régional permettant de conserver une biodiversité élevée
à Geyser et Zélée.
Abstract. - Fish communities of Geyser and Zélée
coral banks (Western Indian Ocean).
The ichtyofauna of Geyser and Zélée coral banks (north of
Mozambique canal) was investigated in 1996, this work being the first
quantitative study on this area. Quantitative data were collected on 11
stations (mean depth 18 m) by visual observations along 50 m
transect, widened to 2 m for small sedentary species, and to 5 m
for commercial species with a large action range. The main descriptors
of the fish communities (species richness, abundance per species) and
the trophic structure (omnivorous, herbivorous, carnivorous, browsers
of sessile invertebrates) were described and analysed.
A total of 294 fish species, belonging to 43 families were recorded. The
species richness varied from 45 to 83 species / station, and the abundance,
from 292 to 1322 individuals / 100 m2, the lower values being recorded
on the inner slope and the higher ones on the outer slope. In terms of
number of individuals, diurnal planktivores were highly represented at
all sites (mean 63.7%). Pomacentridae and Caesionidae were the most abundant
families, damselfishes being mainly represented by Chromis ternatensis
(mean 73 ind., max. 148 ind. / 100 m2), C. dimidiata (mean
33 ind., max. 151 ind. / 100 m2) and Dascyllus carneus (mean
38 ind., max. 92 ind. / 100 m2), and fusiliers by Pterocaesio
chrysozona (mean 19 ind., max. 128 ind. / 100 m2), P. tile
(mean 12 ind., max. 38 ind. / 100 m2) and Caesio teres (mean
6 ind., max. 32 ind. / 100 m2). The high values recorded showed that
small and isolated coral banks can support relatively rich fish faunas
and substantial populations of individuals. This result may be explained
by different factors such as the oceanographic circulation favourable
to a localised enrichment of nutrients from surface water, the low human
impact, a good coral cover and a high degree of self-recruitment associated
with regional recruitment. Nevertheless, the main commercial species such
as Lutjanus bohar and Variola louti, observed at each station,
were represented at a low density (mean 0.8 ind., max. 6 ind. / 100 m2
and mean 0.2 ind., max. 0.8 ind. / 100 m2 respectively). This result
may be due to the exploitation of these coral banks between 1990 and 1992,
which was interrupted following the fast decreasing output.
Such an experience shows us the fragility of these small coral banks and
the necessity to establish a rational management of the resource.
Key words. - Ichtyofauna - Western Indian Ocean - Coral reefs -
Geyser and Zélée - Trophic structure.
|